How to raise mealworms
This information is based off research and real world experience. If you see anything you think is wrong, please reach out.
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Key Rearing Parameters
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Larval Density
- Low to Moderate Density: Lower densities (1-2 larvae per cm²) reduce competition, promoting faster growth and higher survival rates (Deruytter & Coudron, 2021).
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Feed Particle Size
- Small Particle Size for Digestibility: Finer feed particles (1-2 mm) improve digestion and nutrient absorption, essential for optimal growth (Naser El Deen et al., 2022).
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Feed Type and Distribution
- Wet Feed with Moisture Control: A balanced mix of dry and moist feed (e.g., bran with carrots) ensures adequate hydration without risking mold (Deruytter et al., 2021).
- Controlled Wet Feed: Provide wet feed every other day or remove remnants to prevent mold.
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Temperature and Relative Humidity
- Optimal Ranges: Maintain 77-82°F and 50% humidity for efficient growth. Avoid humidity over 75% to prevent mold (Ribeiro et al., 2018).
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Strain Selection
- High-Performance Strains: Choose strains known for rapid growth and pathogen resistance (Adamaki-Sotiraki et al., 2021; Rumbos et al., 2021).
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Feed Origin Consistency
- Locally Consistent Feed: Using bran from a single supplier helps maintain growth consistency (Paris et al., 2022).
Protocol for Raising Live Mealworms
- Prepare a growth bin with 1-2 larvae per cm² density.
- Use fine feed (1-2 mm wheat bran).
- Feed moist vegetables like carrots every other day.
- Maintain temperature at 80°F and 50% humidity.
- Use a consistent strain and feed source for stability.
Standardized Protocol Development
A standardized protocol for mealworms could include guidelines on density, feed particle size, humidity, temperature, and conditioning to improve consistency and reliability in rearing practices across facilities.
Primary Research References
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Deruytter & Coudron (2021): This study examines the effects of larval density on the growth and performance of Tenebrio molitor.
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Naser El Deen et al. (2022): This research explores the impact of feed particle size on the growth of Tenebrio molitor larvae.
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Deruytter et al. (2021): This work focuses on the influence of wet feed distribution on the density and growth rate of mealworm larvae.
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Ribeiro et al. (2018): This study outlines the optimal temperature and humidity conditions for the development of Tenebrio molitor.
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Adamaki-Sotiraki et al. (2021) & Rumbos et al. (2021): These studies investigate how different strains of mealworms can yield varying growth rates and performance metrics, highlighting the importance of strain selection in consistent mealworm rearing.
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Paris et al. (2022): This research examines how the origin of feed affects the biomass production of Tenebrio molitor.
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Deruytter et al. (2023): This publication presents a standardized feeding protocol for Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly), which can serve as a model for standardization in mealworm rearing.
Beetle Density and Larvae Separation Protocol
Beetles per cm²
- Recommended Density: 1-2 beetles per cm² to prevent overcrowding and support reproductive success.
Larvae Separation and Harvesting
- First Separation: At 10-14 days or when larvae are 1-2 cm in length.
- Method: Use mesh to separate larvae by size, transferring smaller ones to new trays.
- Subsequent Density: Keep separated larvae at 1-2 larvae per cm² (up to 3 larvae per cm² for drying).
Genetic Selection and Breeding Protocol
1. Genetic Selection
- Initial Stock Selection: Start with diverse strains for genetic variety.
- Selective Breeding: Only breed the fastest-growing larvae.
- Cycle Management: Replace breeders every 8-10 weeks.
2. Optimal Environmental Conditions
- Temperature: 80°F for faster growth.
- Humidity: 50-60% with good ventilation.
- Light Cycle: 16:8 (light-to-dark) cycle.
3. Diet Optimization
- High-Protein Diet: 20-25% protein, using fine feed and moist supplements.
- Consistent Feed Source: Standardize feed for growth consistency.
4. Density Control
- 1-2 larvae per cm²: Lower densities improve resource availability.
5. Breeding and Isolation
- Selective Breeding Trays: Dedicate trays for elite breeders.
- Size-Based Separation: Separate larvae every 2-3 weeks to reduce competition.
6. Health Management
- Disease Prevention: Clean trays and quarantine new stock.
7. Record Keeping
- Track Key Traits: Document growth rates, size, and generation cycles for breeding decisions.
Summary of Key Steps
| Step | Parameters and Actions |
|---|---|
| Genetic Selection | Select largest, fastest-growing larvae; rotate stock every 4-5 generations |
| Environmental Conditions | Temperature: 27-29°C; Humidity: 65-70%; Light Cycle: 16:8 |
| Diet Optimization | High-protein diet (20-25%); fine particle size; consistent feed source |
| Density Control | 1-2 larvae per cm²; monitor and separate by size every 10-14 days |
| Breeding Trays | Elite breeders in separate trays, conditioned with high-nutrient diet pre-pupation |
| Health Management | Regular tray cleaning; quarantine new stock; monitor for disease |
| Data Tracking | Record growth rates, size, and pupation timing; manage distinct breeding lines |
By following this protocol, you’ll enhance growth rate and productivity, establishing a genetically superior stock with faster cycles for sales.
Trays and Tray Selection for Mealworm Farming
Overview of Tray Options
Full video review here, written details below:
Selecting the right trays is essential to efficient mealworm farming. The ideal tray choice depends on your production goals, available space, and budget.
1. Plastic Storage Containers (e.g., Sterilite)
- Best for Low Volume Production: Suitable for small-scale farms, these compact containers support limited production for reptiles or a few chickens.
- Moisture Management: Since these trays are enclosed, start with low moisture and adjust based on buildup.
- Pros and Cons: Affordable and available; however, they may require air holes for ventilation and aren't suitable for high-density setups.
2. Open Trays
- Durability and Airflow: Trays like Rubbermaid bus totes provide airflow, reducing heat and moisture buildup. Clean, smooth sides prevent larvae from escaping, especially as frass and debris accumulate.
- Height Considerations: Aim for trays around 3 inches tall. Taller trays take up more space without increasing production. Rubbermaid totes, for example, are sturdy but may require wooden racks for stability when stacked.
- Budget-Friendly: Cement mixing tubs are a cost-effective option, though they don’t stack well and may need racks.
3. Dough Proofing Trays
- Compact and Stackable: These trays offer efficient vertical stacking with minimal space. Avoid nesting them directly to maintain airflow and prevent mold.
- Increased Capacity: Their 3-inch height is optimal, and using these trays allows for higher colony density compared to taller trays.
- Resale Value: Durable and easy to clean, they retain good resale value.
4. Mealworm-Specific Trays (e.g., Beekenkamp Trays)
- Designed for Mealworms: High-quality trays with built-in ventilation slots allow easy monitoring and moisture management. Their durability and stackability make them ideal for high-production setups.
- Efficiency: With a 3-inch depth, they maximize vertical space and production density, often doubling production capacity without increasing labor proportionally.
- Cost Considerations: Though pricier, these trays are long-lasting and support efficient workflow, especially for commercial farms.
Practical Tips for Tray Use
- Avoid Overfilling with Moisture: Ensure that any added moisture disappears within 24-48 hours to avoid mold.
- Regular Cleaning: Clean trays every cycle to prevent debris buildup, which can lead to pests or mold. Use stackable trays with smooth, clean sides to limit climbing.
- Tray Stability and Handling: Select trays you can easily lift and handle, even with frass and substrate. For high stacks, stability is key—wooden racks or towers may be necessary.
Summary
For small operations, dough proofing or cement trays are economical, sturdy choices. For larger setups, consider specialized trays like Beekenkamp trays for increased production without significant extra labor.